Acacia senegal

Acacia senegal, the Gum Arabic Tree

Acacia senegal is the tree that produces commercial gum arabic, an important natural product used in the food and manufacturing industries.

It is known as Ekunoit among the Turkana, Chemanga among the Pokot, and King’ola among the Kamba. The tree grows at altitudes of 0–1,900 metres and is well adapted to dry environments.

When the bark is wounded, the tree produces clear, pinkish or yellowish edible gum. In northern Kenya, people collect and chew this gum, while in Sudan, the species has been extensively cultivated for commercial gum production.

Gum arabic contains neutral sugars, organic acids and mineral salts. It is used as an emulsifier and stabiliser in products such as fizzy drinks, including Coca-Cola, and various manufactured food products.

The gum trade supports the livelihoods of thousands of people. Depending on its quality and grade, gum arabic can fetch thousands of dollars per tonne, making it an important non-timber forest product.

Can gum arabic become a cash crop in Kenya’s ASALs?

Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) offer opportunities to develop gum arabic production as a source of income for pastoralist communities and dryland farmers. Acacia senegal is adapted to harsh conditions, and gum production can be particularly favourable on suitable, well-drained, relatively poor soils.

With appropriate propagation, sustainable tapping, quality control and access to reliable markets, gum arabic farming could diversify rural incomes while encouraging the cultivation of dryland trees.

Rather than relying solely on livestock, communities could develop a commercial value chain around a tree that is naturally suited to their environment.